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 computer ka ikash  1.1 abekas  yah ek pracheen gadna  yantra hai jiska aviskar pracheen bebilon me anko ki gadna ke liye  kiya ggya tha ! ise sansar ka pratham gadak kaha jata hai ! isme taron ( wires) mw ggolakar manke ( beads ) piroyi jati hai ! jiski sahayta se gadna ko aashan banaya gya !  1.2 paskalain (pascaline)      phrans ke aditg blej paskal  ne 1642 me pratham yantrik gadna masheen ka avishkar kiya ! yah kebal jod ghata sakta thi ! ath ise ading masheen bhi kaha ya ! 1.3 difference engine aur analytical engine